Training Example: Frontiers Media S.A. – Review the Data, Give Your Score & Compare to the Real AI Evaluation

[H2] Authors
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Editors and reviewers
Collaborators
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[H3] Find a journal
We have a home for your research. Our community journals and sections cover more than 1,700 academic disciplines.
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[H3] Find a topic
Research Topics bring together expert researchers to work on emerging themes. Find your community or start a new one.
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[H3] Resources for authors
Your publishing journey starts here. Visit our author hub to explore guidance and tools to help you prepare, submit, and share your research.
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[H3] Submit your research
Ready to publish? Start your submission today and get more impact for your research by publishing with us.
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[H3] Manage your data
Our data management service makes it quick and simple to transform your data into AI-ready, reusable, and citable publications.
[H2] Why open science is essential for our future
Science shapes every part of our lives, from the medicines we rely on to the food we eat and the health of our planet. But for too long, much of that knowledge has been locked behind barriers.
Hosted on CNBC, Science Unlocked tells the story of why open science matters, how it accelerated life-saving breakthroughs during COVID-19, and why making research openly accessible is essential to solve today’s biggest global challenges, from climate change to human health.
It also shows how open science accelerates innovation, shapes new industries, and helps turn research into economic and societal progress at scale.
[H2] News
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FRONTIERS NEWS
Published on 22 Apr 2026
[H3] 25 National Champions Powering Transformative Science for Healthy Lives on a Healthy Planet
The Frontiers Planet Prize names its 25 National Champions for 2026 – scientists presenting scalable, evidence-based solutions to the planetary crisis.
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SCIENCE NEWS
Published on 21 May 2026
[H3] Frontiers in Science: How AI could help scientists secure soil—a vital global resource
Soils store carbon, sustain ecosystems, and underpin global food and water systems. A new Frontiers in Science paper details how AI tools can help us adapt soils—and the systems they nurture—to a changing climate.
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FRONTIERS NEWS
Published on 15 Apr 2026
[H3] AI in research: your step-by-step support for impactful and responsible AI use
Across this playbook, explore step-by-step guides, best practice frameworks, and copy and paste prompts, helping you learn how to use AI effectively in research while maintaining responsible human oversight.
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SCIENCE NEWS
Published on 12 May 2026
[H3] New tectonic plate boundary could be forming in Zambia, scientists say
The Kafue Rift is part of the Southwest African Rift System, which runs from Tanzania to Namibia, which — if it continues to develop — could become a new plate boundary splitting Africa in half.
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SCIENCE NEWS
Published on 06 May 2026
[H3] Space junk falls to Earth faster when sunspots peak, and this can help prevent collisions with satellites
Researchers have shown for the first time that space junk begins to fall down much faster once the Sun’s activity across the solar cycle reaches approximately 67% of its peak.
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SCIENCE NEWS
Published on 20 May 2026
[H3] Handwriting speed among possible signs of cognitive decline in older people
They found that some characteristics, including motor initiation, speed, and spatial scaling could be predictors of cognitive decline in people over 60.
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SCIENCE NEWS
Published on 14 Jan 2026
[H3] DNA floating in seawater is now enough to let scientists monitor the health of America’s dolphin populations
Scientists in the US have shown that mitochondrial DNA in water sampled near schools of dolphins contains enough information to measure their local effective population size and monitor the health of these populations.
See more news
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[H1] How we publish
Frontiers' approach to publishing is driven by the principle of placing publishing back into the hands of researchers, enabled by scalable technology.
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This means we distribute editorial responsibility to the editorial board and our community reviewers, who take acceptance or rejection decisions and have the independence to shape the direction of research. To help editors perform their roles, we have developed the most advanced IT platform in academic publishing.
[H3] Researcher-centric
Frontiers was founded by scientists and our focus has always been to empower researchers in the publishing process. Our journals are driven and reviewed by active researchers, who are experts in their fields and have been appointed to the editorial boards according to strict selection criteria. The strong research community representation across our journals ensures that the direction of science is shaped collectively and collaboratively.
[H3] Transparency and accountability
All articles we publish are peer reviewed, and the names of the handling editor and reviewers are featured on the final publication. Featuring the reviewers' names alongside the authors ensures accountability, provides credibility to the quality of the peer review, and is a way of recognizing their dedication and contribution.
[H3] Dedicated support teams
Our editors are fully supported by Frontiers' team of publishing experts who take responsibility for the quality of our publishing program – from recruiting editorial board members to carrying out quality checks on each submission. We collaborate with our editors to ensure we stay true to our mission, uphold our standards and work according to our values.
[H3] Custom-built technology
Our open science publishing platform is at the heart of our publishing operations. We want researchers working at the cutting-edge of science to benefit from the latest technology to validate and disseminate their findings. Leveraging software tools allows us to provide a rigorous, fast and efficient service. This also allows our editors to focus on the scientific content and improves manuscripts during peer review.
[H3] Rigorous peer review
Editorial decisions at Frontiers are guided by clear acceptance and rejection criteria during a single anonymized, rigorous peer review. Editorial independence of acceptance decisions is assured by the involvement of external experts as editors and reviewers. Our in-house publishing professionals quality-control and monitor the process, may reject manuscripts at any point during the review and validate final editorial decisions to ensure our quality standards and policies are being adhered to.
[H3] Open access
All articles published by Frontiers are immediately and permanently accessible online free of charge and published under a Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and the source are credited. Open access publishing is, however, not free of costs and we operate a gold open access model with article processing charges for accepted papers. Our guiding principle is that any quality research paper is published while running a sustainable operation. Read more about our fee policy.
[H2] Journal structure
Frontiers' journals and editorial boards are structured to ensure rigor and the publication of high-quality research, as well as to support collaboration and future growth.Academic journals on our platform are referred to as field journalsEach field journal is a collection of core communities, defined by specialty sectionsEach specialty section operates as an independent editorial unit with its own editorial board Organizing the journals into specialty sections supports journal growth by enabling field chief editors to strategically develop new sections as the field advances. This includes scaling the size of the editorial boards to meet the needs of a growing journal, whilst maintaining a stringent, streamlined, and efficient peer review process.To accommodate the multidisciplinary approach of many scientific areas, the same section with its specialty chief editor and editorial board can appear in more than one journal. We call this cross-listing and it takes advantage of online-only publishing, transcending traditional journal boundaries for content visibility. For example, an author can decide whether to submit their manuscript to the section Cancer Genetics either in Frontiers in Genetics or in Frontiers in Oncology.  This cross-disciplinary approach is also applied to our Research Topics – multidisciplinary articles collections to which relevant journals can participate.
[H2] Quality control
We understand the potential impact of published research both on future research and on society. That's why each article strives for the highest quality, thanks to genuinely collaborative interactions between authors, editors, and reviewers, who include many of the world's best scientists. Quality is assured by requiring that all submitted manuscripts adhere to the highest ethical standards and demonstrate rigorous and insightful research methodology and conclusions. Inclusion of appropriate reporting guidelines and the adherence of community standards for data availability to support reproducibility are also strict requirements. Failure to meet these requirements precludes review. Research must then be certified by peers before entering a stream of knowledge that may eventually reach the public – and shape society. Therefore, Frontiers only applies the most rigorous and unbiased reviews, established in the high standards of our peer review system.Frontiers has procedures in place to support and ensure the quality of the research articles that are published.
[H3] Editorial board quality
Only leading experts and established members of the research community are appointed to Frontiers' editorial boards. Chief editors, associate editors, and community reviewers are listed on the journal pages and are encouraged to publicly list their publication credentials.
[H3] Pre-peer review quality
Each submission must pass several quality checks before it moves into peer review. These quality checks are conducted by our research integrity team and aided by custom-built AI to assess quality more effectively. Our artificial intelligence assistant AIRA checks every manuscript for language quality, the integrity of the figures, the detection of plagiarism, and potential conflicts of interest, among others. By highlighting where critical decisions need to be made, AIRA empowers our teams to make editorial decisions before peer review more quickly and efficiently.  See more about our research integrity processes
[H3] Associate editor assignment quality
Associate editors oversee the peer review and take the final acceptance decision on manuscripts. Editorial decision power is distributed in Frontiers because we believe that many experts within a community should be able to shape the direction of science for the benefit of society. The associate editor initially checks that the article meets basic quality standards and has no obvious objective errors.Associate editors follow clear conflicts of interest guidelines when accepting an editing invitation (as outlined here and upon accepting an invitation and assignment emails).
[H3] Reviewer assignment quality
The associate editor can then personally choose and invite the most appropriate reviewers to handle the peer review of the manuscript, including community reviewers or external reviewers.The associate editor is aided in this by AIRA, which suggests the most relevant community reviewers based on a match between their expertise and the topic of the manuscript. Associate editors can, however, choose any reviewer they deem adequate.After a certain timeframe and if no reviewers have in the meantime accepted to review the manuscript, Frontiers' platform will invite the most appropriate community reviewers based on constantly updated and improved algorithms that match reviewer expertise with the submitted manuscript.Community reviewers and external reviewers follow clear conflicts of interest guidelines when accepting a review invitation (as outlined here and in their review invitation and assignment emails).
[H3] Independent review stage quality
Our team – supported by AIRA – runs several quality checks on each submission such as plagiarism and image manipulation checks. In the independent review stage, the assigned reviewers perform an in-depth review of the article independently of each other and can recommend rejection at any stage during the review process after submitting their review report. The reviewers are supported by an online standardized review questionnaire – adapted to each article type – with the goal to facilitate rigorous evaluation according to objective criteria and our peer review guidelines.
[H3] Interactive review stage quality
The associate editor assesses the reviews and activates the 'interactive review' – informing the authors of the extent of revisions that are required to address the reviewers' comments and starting the interactive discussion forum where authors and the reviewers get full access to all review reports.Manuscript and review quality at this stage are enhanced by allowing authors and reviewers to discuss directly with each other until a final version of the manuscript is endorsed by the reviewers.The process is single anonymized with the reviewers' identities not known to the authors at this stage.If a dispute arises, authors or reviewers can trigger an arbitration and will alert the associate editor, who can assign more reviewers and/or bring the dispute to the attention of the chief editor. The associate editor can also weigh in on the discussion and is asked to mediate the process to ensure a constructive revision stage.
[H3] Decision stage quality
The manuscript can only be accepted by the handling associate editor if at least two* reviewers endorse the submission for publication (*for full-length article types).The names of the associate editor and reviewers are disclosed on published articles to encourage in depth and rigorous reviews, acknowledge work well done on the article and to bring transparency and accountability into peer review.Associate editors can recommend the rejection of an article to the chief editor, who needs to check that the authors' rights have been upheld during the peer review process, and who can then ultimately reject the article if it is of insufficient quality, has objective errors or if the authors were unreasonably unwilling to address the points raised during the review.Chief editors can step in to comment on the review process, change assigned editors, assign themselves as a reviewer or the handling editor, or reject the manuscript, at any stage of the peer review. They have full authority to ensure quality.Frontiers' research integrity managers can override acceptance decisions and reject articles at any stage of the review process, should they not meet our quality criteria.
[H3] Safeguards against financial conflicts of interest
Only leading researchers acting as associate editors, who are not part of Frontiers' staff, can make acceptance decisions based on reviews performed by community reviewers or external reviewers. Nobody has a financial incentive to accept articles -they are not paid for their role as associate editor or community reviewer, and any recognition scheme is not linked to acceptances of manuscripts.Chief editors receive an honorarium if their section or field reaches certain submission levels and for their editorial project work.  The honorarium is not based on the number of accepted articles, ensuring that editors have no incentive to accept manuscripts.
[H3] Post-publication-stage quality
Frontiers' platform enables post-publication commenting and discussions on papers and hence the possibility to critically evaluate articles even after the peer-review process. Frontiers has a community complaints protocol to handle all cases where serious concerns have been raised, including ethical concerns, researcher error, or misconduct. All such cases are handled according to COPE guidelines and will lead to a retraction of the article if warranted.
[H2] Editorial roles
Frontiers' editors are appointed to the boards of our journals according to strict seniority criteria and each role has specific responsibilities towards the quality and integrity of the publications.
[H3] The community reviewer
Frontiers' community reviewers are active experts in their field who review research in our journals. They are familiar with Frontiers' peer review and can manage their review invitations actively in their profiles with us.  Community reviewers hold a PhD with post-doctoral experience, or an equivalent degree with several additional years of academic work, or the equivalent number of years to a recognized qualification in the relevant field of research. They have a recognized affiliation and a proven publication record in the specialty area and are listed on our journal pages. Individual journals may have additional requirements and restrictions for this role.
[H3] The associate editor
Frontiers' associate editors act as handling editors and make an initial assessment to ensure a manuscript fits within the scope of the specialty section and is scientifically valid. They invite reviewers and directly oversee the interaction between the reviewers and authors during the collaborative peer review process. Based on the reviewers' recommendations, and ensuring all quality, validity and ethical standards have been met, Associate editors make the final decision on acceptance or recommend a manuscript for rejection to the specialty chief editor. Associate editors are high-impact researchers and recognized leaders in their field, with a strong publication record in international, peer-reviewed journals and with a recognized affiliation. They are typically associate professor level or higher, or an equivalent position of equal standing in their field.
[H3] The specialty chief editor
Specialty chief editors, in collaboration with Frontiers' team, define the scope of their section and recruit editors to their boards. They have the responsibility for leading and supervising the activities related to their section and providing support and guidance to the editorial board. They act as the editorial escalation point and ensure that quality and integrity standards are upheld in the peer-review process.Specialty chief editors are leading academics and active experts in their field, typically full professors from a recognized institution with a proven track record of publications in international, peer reviewed journals and with editorial experience.
[H3] The field chief editor
Field chief editors, in collaboration with Frontiers' tea

[H1] Peer review
Our unique peer review process gives you the chance to submit your research for a rigorous, transparent, and constructive review by experts in your field. Since 2007 we have been working with the research community to refine our submission process, putting quality and community at the heart of what we offer.
[H2] How it works
Each manuscript submitted to a Frontiers journal goes through a series of research integrity assessments before peer review, multiple checkpoints during review, and a final validation before publication.
[H3] What happens when you submit your manuscript?
See our full peer review guidelines
[H2] Your research is in safe hands
Peer review is handled by active researchers, carefully appointed according to strict excellence criteria, and who certify the validity of research with their names on the published article. Reviewers are subject experts and evaluate manuscripts using our quality assessment tool. They evaluate the methodology of a study for rigor, and ensure the research provides valid conclusions supported by sufficient data. Editors are well-known and respected leaders in their field and assess the process and manuscripts meticulously. They only endorse publication if the reviewers validate the contents of a manuscript. With our online forum, authors can have a constructive conversation with reviewers and editors in real time, working together to make improvements to the manuscript.The names of reviewers and editors appear on published articles, encouraging them to act responsibly and in the best interests of the final article.The whole process is supported by our experienced in-house peer review team. The team upholds and ensures high quality standards for manuscripts and the review itself, certifying the quality, scientific rigor, and validity of articles and promoting a constructive discussion among authors, reviewers, and editors.  AIRA, our AI-powered integrity tool, built into our platforms and processes to support editors, reviewers, and our teams with the review process. AIRA runs 40+ checks before peer review, flagging potential issues like plagiarism, image manipulation, and fabricated content. The final judgement is always made by a human. Learn more about our AI-powered assistant
[H2] What makes our peer review unique?
A timely and efficient approach. Our custom-built peer review platform guides you smoothly through the review process and alerts you when any action is required. A dedicated peer review team is always on hand to answer questions and provide support for each manuscript in review. Thanks to this, our average review time is under 90 days. A fair approach, giving all valid science the opportunity to be published. Our peer review process is objective, rigorous and transparent. Reviewers follow a dedicated review questionnaire which ensures their review is constructive and is focused on quality and the validity of results – not perceived impact. All decisions are made in accordance with our VALID criteria. A collaborative approach. Our process means that authors and reviewers engage in a direct online dialogue that enables quick iterations and facilitates consensus. This approach ensures the highest quality manuscript for final publication. A thorough approach. Our research integrity team investigates any allegations or signs of misconduct or peer review manipulation during the peer review itself. This includes citation manipulation, false reviewer identification, conflicts of interest, and any activity that may unduly influence the outcome of the review process.
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[H3]
Prof John Provis
Paul Scherrer Institut, Specialty Chief Editor for Frontiers in Materials

"I strongly recommend Frontiers to prospective authors and editors; they're doing really innovative things in the review and publication process, which leads to publishing high-quality content through rigorous, interactive peer review."
[H2] Supporting our editors and reviewers
We know researchers' time to contribute by engaging in peer review is limited. And the way researchers are invited to review can be inefficient. Our self-assignment tool enables Frontiers' reviewers to:browse manuscripts that have been submitted to our journalsidentify submissions that match their expertisesupport their colleagues, and the community, by offering to review these submissionscontribute as a reviewer when it's convenient to them.Visit MyFrontiers to find out more.The platform also allows our editors to maintain control of the peer review process. All community reviewers that volunteer through the platform are vetted by our associate editors, specialty chief editors, or field chief editors, to ensure the best possible peer review experience.
[H2] What to read next:
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[H3] Peer review guidelines
See our full principles of peer review and find out what's expected of editors and reviewers taking part
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[H3] Publication policies
Before publishing with us, learn more about Frontiers' policies and our guidelines for ethical research conduct
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[H3] Author guidelines
Read our author guidelines to learn more about publishing in a Frontiers journal.
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[H3] Research integrity
Meet our research integrity team and learn about their work to safeguard quality

[H1] Research Topics
[H2] Shine a spotlight on the research you care about
Frontiers’ Research Topics are open, collaborative article collections focused on an emerging research theme. ​Defined and led by expert researchers, they bring together communities to write, review, and publish new research around a shared interest – sparking conversation and stimulating future collaboration.Browse our open topics
[H2] How do Research Topics work?
Each topic is led – from defining the scope to final publication - by a team of topic editors, often with support from topic coordinators.They invite other researchers to join the community by contributing their research as authors. As well as these invited submissions, all researchers are welcome to submit their paper to any open topic, as long as it fits within the scope.All submitted manuscripts go through the same rigorous peer review as any other Frontiers' article. The topic editor oversees peer review, ensuring only the highest quality research is published.Topics have an open and closed date, both of which are flexible. While the topic is open, each article is published as soon as it is accepted.Research Topics are published as magazine-style websites (once they have six or more articles) and can be released as a free ebook (for 10 or more articles).
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[H3]
James Evans
The University of Manchester, Field Chief Editor for Frontiers in Sustainable Cities
"The streamlined process for developing research themes has made it possible to bring work together around important emerging topics in a faster, more inclusive and agile way. This has enabled us to create a successful and truly global journal that makes an important and unique contribution to our field."
[H2] What are the benefits of Research Topics?
Whatever stage you're at in your career, participating in a Research Topic is a valuable experience. Whether you're looking for new connections and new opportunities by joining an open Research Topic, or to make a lasting difference in your field by leading your own topic, there are many reasons to get involved.
[H3] How can publishing in Research Topics help you?
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[H3] Make connections
Expand your professional network and get advice from some of the most experienced researchers in your field
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[H3] Gain visibility
Have your article published alongside others on the same theme, maximizing its chances of being read and cited
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[H3] Feel supported
Our dedicated team is on hand to support, and our constructive peer review process helps you make the most of your paper
[H3] How can leading or editing a Research Topic help you
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[H3] Develop the next generation
Mentor the rising star researchers in your community and identify potential new projects
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[H3] Stay up to date
Reviewing papers from fellow experts deepens your knowledge of the latest advancements
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[H3] Spark conversations
Boost visibility by bringing the important topics in your field to the attention of the scientific community and beyond
[H2] What is it like to lead a Research Topic?
Research Topics give you a way to lead conversations and make a difference in your field.With our support you’ll propose and develop a topic, then bring together a community of experts to review and publish articles. You’ll take editorial control, from defining the scope of your topic and choosing a team of co-editors, to overseeing peer review so only the best quality research is published.You set the timeline for your collection, and we'll work with you at your pace.
[H3] As a topic editor, you’ll be able to:
lead, nurture, and guide a newly emerging research communitystay up to date and deepen your knowledge of the latest advancementsincrease the visibility and readership of important work in your field with the possibility of a free to share ebook
[H3] To be a topic editor, you will need:
a PhD or MD degreeat least three years of postdoctoral experiencea significant and relevant publication recordprevious editorial experience.
[H3] More support
Managing a Research Topic is simple with our user-friendly platform, innovative AI tools, and professional support team. We'll support you through every step of the process, from defining your topic and inviting contributors to promoting your topic and tracking impact. Suggest a new topic
[H2] What's it like to submit an article to a Research Topic?
Frontiers’ Research Topics give you a way to collaborate with experts on a research theme you care about.You’ll join a community of pioneering researchers across different disciplines, providing a range of perspectives on the same topic. Your work will be published in a high-quality open access collection alongside other experts, increasing its visibility.
[H3] By publishing in a Research Topic you’ll benefit from:
getting expert advice on your work from experienced researchers in your fieldrapid, open publication for your article as soon as it is acceptedretaining copyright for your article via a CC-BY licenseaccessing article level metrics to track your article’s impactbuilding your network and finding opportunities for future projects.Browse our open topics
[H2] Useful links
Guidelines for authors publishing in a Frontiers journalGuidelines for our editorsFind out about our fee policyLearn more about our peer review process